The old operating theaters were a room of spectacle, learning, agony, and healing; all combined. The patients would lie down conscious, strapped, and in pain on the operating table (I’m talking the pre-anesthesia era), the doctors would surround the patient leaving just enough space for the students (and observers) to see enough to be able …
Surgical instruments weren’t all stainless steel-shiny and sterile-looking from the start. In fact some of the earliest instruments were made of wood, rocks, and iron. The history and evolution of surgical instruments (and surgery itself) is very interesting, inspiring and horrifying at times (considering earlier operations were performed with no anesthesia and limited sterility). You …
